PSG has now won the season-opening trophy on fourteen different times.
The Parisian giants required a dramatic leveler followed by a perfect spot-kick decider to overcome their arch-rivals in the Gulf and secure a fourth straight French Super Cup title.
The European champions appeared to be coasting towards a comfortable triumph in the match featuring the Ligue 1 champions and the French Cup winners after Ousmane Dembele opened the net early on.
Yet, the southern French side struck twice in the closing moments to take a surprise advantage. First, Mason Greenwood converted from the spot-kick, before Willian Pacho inadvertently turned the ball into his own net for an own goal.
In a remarkable twist of events, Goncalo Ramos grabbed a vital leveler in the dying moments to force the contest into a deciding shootout. PSG goalkeeper Chevalier then stood as the key figure, stopping crucial kicks from O'Riley and Hamed Traore.
In the shootout, Goncalo Ramos, Vitinha, Nuno Mendes, and the young talent all scored with composure for Paris Saint-Germain to complete a convincing shootout victory.
Now 14-time champions PSG, who faced last season's Ligue 1 second-placed team Olympique de Marseille after completing a domestic double, have now lifted this trophy for the 12th time in the past thirteen seasons.